The Bitcoin UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) model is inherently characterized by individual user systems, which is fundamentally different from scalability solutions based on centralized user accounts. The latter often struggle to fundamentally resolve bottlenecks when facing system expansion. This paper draws on the asymmetric interaction properties of P and NP problems in computational complexity theory, as well as the model of distributed problem-solving and centralized verification in complex systems, to propose an infinite scalability solution based on UTXO. The goal is to build a decentralized global account system that supports a variety of derivative applications.

Bitcoin’s PoW (Proof of Work) mechanism successfully accomplishes two key tasks: first, notarizing the UTXO account system; second, notarizing BTC currency based on the UTXO account system. This indicates that the UTXO account system itself has the potential to serve as a secure and trustworthy global digital identity foundation.

Building on the above, and the role of P/NP asymmetric interaction in complex systems, we can extend the UTXO’s account notarization capability into the most decentralized UTXO global account system, and support infinite scalability of UTXOs. The core idea is to use the UTXO’s ID (which can be uniquely identified through transaction history and ownership) as the identity foundation of users, and build various BTC-like derivative applications on this basis.

The key difference from BTC monetary applications is that these derivative applications do not need to use PoW’s high cost to perform notarization similar to BTC. Instead, we can draw on the idea of a “concentrated-distributed P/NP work network” to construct, for each derivative application, an independent blockchain structure based on centralized P/NP asymmetric interactive proofs.

As shown in the diagram, we can develop various BTC-like derivative applications based on UTXO ID account identity information—for example, a decentralized random game named A (running on Blockchain A), or a decentralized social network named B (running on Blockchain B). These independent blockchains (Blockchain A, Blockchain B, etc.) focus on their respective application logic and adopt a more lightweight “work” network based on P/NP asymmetric interaction for validation and consensus.

These independent blockchains share the same UTXO account system notarized by the most decentralized Bitcoin network. This means that the identity foundation (UTXO ID) of users is secure, reliable, and globally applicable, backed by the Bitcoin PoW mechanism for trust at the base layer. Each derivative application chain verifies and manages its specific application data and state through its own P/NP asymmetric interaction mechanism.

The scientific logic of this solution lies in:

1. Using UTXO ID as a globally unified identity: The uniqueness and ownership of UTXOs are guaranteed by Bitcoin’s PoW-based blockchain, providing a secure foundation for building a global account system.
2. Decoupling the account system from application logic: Separating the notarization of the account system from the verification of specific applications allows each application to choose an appropriate verification mechanism according to its needs, avoiding performance bottlenecks of a single blockchain.
3. Lightweight verification through P/NP asymmetric interaction: Each derivative application chain can adopt P/NP asymmetric interactive proofs, such as zero-knowledge proofs, zk-SNARKs, etc., where verification cost is far lower than solving cost, achieving efficient and secure verification.
4. Possibility of infinite scalability: Each new application can create an independent blockchain that shares the underlying UTXO account system, thereby achieving horizontal scalability.

This Bitcoin UTXO infinite scalability solution based on P/NP asymmetric interaction draws on the model of distributed problem-solving and centralized verification in complex systems. The Bitcoin network provides the most fundamental, decentralized account system notarization (similar to high-cost PoW solving and verification), while each derivative application chain performs its own application data verification and consensus through more lightweight P/NP asymmetric interactions (similar to low-cost solving and verification).

In this way, we can ensure both the security and global applicability of the account system and the independent scalability and efficient operation of each application, ultimately building a decentralized global account system based on UTXO that supports infinite scalability and diversified applications. This solution fully leverages the inherent advantages of Bitcoin’s UTXO model and draws on deep insights from computational complexity theory, offering a new perspective for solving blockchain scalability challenges.