Based on the structural design logic of Bitcoin, we can propose a general method for constructing decentralized security systems. Its core principle is: Design the business layer using computability theory; design the system layer using Oracle Turing Machines + transfinite iteration; and delegate the authority of judgment to time—a physical quantity rooted in reality—thus constructing a complete system without central trust.

1. Business Layer: Constructed on Computable Logic Based on Turing Machine Theory

For any type of monetary system or other on-chain business, we can design its entire logic structure (such as accounts, transfers, state transitions, etc.) as a fully computable, self-verifiable, unambiguous closed system.

The logic of this business layer must satisfy: 100% verifiability and decidability offline

The only remaining “undecidable part” is the self-referential problem regarding whether the system itself ultimately accepts a given state (e.g., “Is this transaction finally accepted by the system?”)

This aligns precisely with the limits of formal systems as defined by Turing in On Computable Numbers: A formal system cannot determine its own consistency or completeness from within.

2. System Layer: Introducing Time-Based Oracles for External Confirmation of the Undecidable

To handle the unavoidable “self-referential problem” in the business layer, we introduce an external mechanism for judgment. This mechanism is not a traditional arbitrator or centralized authority. Instead, it is a time-driven system composed of:

• Oracle Turing Machine: Acts as an external observer entering the system to judge problems that cannot be internally proven by the formal system.
• Ordinal Logic (Transfinite Iteration): Used to build an external evolutionary structure through infinite ordinals, enabling each system iteration to better approximate “truth.”
  

This system must be bound to real-world physical time systems (especially irreversible time, such as the second law of thermodynamics), meaning its progress is:

• Irreversible
• Unpredictable
• Unforgeable
  

In Bitcoin, this mechanism is concretely embodied as:

• PoW system as the engine of time evolution
• Block time as a globally consistent timestamp
• Blockchain structure as the cumulative memory of “external judgment”

3. Conclusion: Building Bitcoin-Like Decentralized Systems That “Trust Only Time”

We can apply the above logic to the design of any form of decentralized application:

1. Construct a computable business layer: All logic runs in the scope of a Turing machine, closed and offline-decidable, except for self-referential aspects.
2. Introduce a time-based system layer: Delegate judgment authority to real-world time evolution, allowing for objective resolution of self-referential logic.
   

The result is a decentralized adjudication system that:

• Requires no trusted center
• Depends neither on people nor on code
• Relies solely on decentralized physical time

This design paradigm is Bitcoin’s revelation of the “ultimate philosophy of security”:

Trust not people.

Trust not code.

Trust only time.